School Network (Disadvantages)

Disadvantages of Installing a School Network

Expensive to Install:
    Large campus networks can carry hefty price tags. Cabling, network cards, routers, bridges, firewalls, wireless access points, and software can get expensive, and the installation would certainly require the services of technicians. But, with the ease of setup of home networks, a simple network with internet access can be setup for a small campus in an afternoon.
Requires Administrative Time:
    Proper maintenance of a network requires considerable time and expertise. Many schools have installed a network, only to find that they did not budget for the necessary administrative support.
Servers Fail:
    Although a network server is no more susceptible to failure than any other computer, when the files server "goes down" the entire network may come to a halt. Good network design practices say that critical network services (provided by servers) should be redundant on the network whenever possible.
Cables May Break:
    The Topology chapter presents information about the various configurations of cables. Some of the configurations are designed to minimize the inconvenience of a broken cable; with other configurations, one broken cable can stop the entire network.
Security and compliance:
    Network security is expensive. It is also very important. A school network would possibly be subject to more stringent security requirements than a similarly-sized corporate network, because of its likelihood of storing personal and confidential information of network users, the danger of which can be compounded if any network users are minors. A great deal of attention must be paid to network services to ensure all network content is appropriate for the network community it serves.

School Network (Advantages)

 Advantages of Installing a School Network

User access control:
    Modern networks almost always have one or more servers which allows centralized management for users and for network resources to which they have access. User credentials on a privately-owned and operated network may be as simple as a user name and password, but with ever-increasing attention to computing security issues, these servers are critical to ensuring that sensitive information is only available to authorized users.
Information storing and sharing:
    Computers allow users to create and manipulate information. Information takes on a life of its own on a network. The network provides both a place to store the information and mechanisms to share that information with other network users.
Connections:
    Administrators, instructors, and even students and guests can be connected using the campus network.
Services:
    The school can provide services, such as registration, school directories, course schedules, access to research, and email accounts, and many others. (Remember, network services are generally provided by servers).
Internet:
    The school can provide network users with access to the internet, via an internet gateway.
Computing resources:
    The school can provide access to special purpose computing devices which individual users would not normally own. For example, a school network might have high-speed high quality printers strategically located around a campus for instructor or student use.
Flexible Access:
    School networks allow students to access their information from connected devices throughout the school. Students can begin an assignment in their classroom, save part of it on a public access area of the network, then go to the media center after school to finish their work. Students can also work cooperatively through the network.
Workgroup Computing:
    Collaborative software allows many users to work on a document or project concurrently. For example, educators located at various schools within a county could simultaneously contribute their ideas about new curriculum standards to the same document, spreadsheets, or website.

Wide Area Network

 Wide Area Network

    Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect networks in larger geographic areas, such as Florida, the United States, or the world. Dedicated transoceanic cabling or satellite uplinks may be used to connect this type of global network.
    Using a WAN, schools in Florida can communicate with places like Tokyo in a matter of seconds, without paying enormous phone bills. Two users a half-world apart with workstations equipped with microphones and a webcams might teleconference in real time. A WAN is complicated. It uses multiplexers, bridges, and routers to connect local and metropolitan networks to global communications networks like the Internet. To users, however, a WAN will not appear to be much different than a LAN.

Local Area Network

Local Area Network

 A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a relatively small area. It is generally limited to a geographic area such as a writing lab, school, or building.
    Computers connected to a network are broadly categorized as servers or workstations. Servers are generally not used by humans directly, but rather run continuously to provide "services" to the other computers (and their human users) on the network. Services provided can include printing and faxing, software hosting, file storage and sharing, messaging, data storage and retrieval, complete access control (security) for the network's resources, and many others.
    Workstations are called such because they typically do have a human user which interacts with the network through them. Workstations were traditionally considered a desktop, consisting of a computer, keyboard, display, and mouse, or a laptop, with with integrated keyboard, display, and touchpad. With the advent of the tablet computer, and the touch screen devices such as iPad and iPhone, our definition of workstation is quickly evolving to include those devices, because of their ability to interact with the network and utilize network services.
    Servers tend to be more powerful than workstations, although configurations are guided by needs. For example, a group of servers might be located in a secure area, away from humans, and only accessed through the network. In such cases, it would be common for the servers to operate without a dedicated display or keyboard. However, the size and speed of the server's processor(s), hard drive, and main memory might add dramatically to the cost of the system. On the other hand, a workstation might not need as much storage or working memory, but might require an expensive display to accommodate the needs of its user. Every computer on a network should be appropriately configured for its use.
    On a single LAN, computers and servers may be connected by cables or wirelessly. Wireless access to a wired network is made possible by wireless access points (WAPs). These WAP devices provide a bridge between computers and networks. A typical WAP might have the theoretical capacity to connect hundreds or even thousands of wireless users to a network, although practical capacity might be far less.
    Nearly always servers will be connected by cables to the network, because the cable connections remain the fastest. Workstations which are stationary (desktops) are also usually connected by a cable to the network, although the cost of wireless adapters has dropped to the point that, when installing workstations in an existing facility with inadequate wiring, it can be easier and less expensive to use wireless for a desktop.

See the Topology, Cabling, and Hardware sections of this tutorial for more information on the configuration of a LAN

What is a Network?

Network

           A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources (such as printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic communications. The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.

Two very common types of networks include

What is Computer Hardware?

Your Personal Computer is a system, consisting of many components. Some of those components, like Windows XP, 98, linux and all your other programs, are software. The stuff you can actually see and touch, and would likely break if you threw it out a fifth-story window, is hardware.

    Not everybody has exactly the same hardware. But those of you who have a desktop system, like the example shown in Figure 1, probably have most of the components shown in that same figure. Those of you with notebook computers probably have most of the same components. Only in your case the components are all integrated into a single book-sized portable unit.

The system unit is the actual computer everything else is called a peripheral device. Your computer's system unit probably has at least one floppy disk drive, and one CD or DVD drive, into which you can insert floppy disks and CDs. There's another disk drive, called the hard disk inside the system unit, as shown in Figure 2. You can't remove that disk, or even see it. But it's there. And everything that's currently "in your computer" is actually stored on that hard disk. (We know this because there is no place else inside the computer where you can store information!

The floppy drive and CD drive are often referred to as drives with removable media or removable drives for short, because you can remove whatever disk is currently in the drive, and replace it with another. Your computer's hard disk can store as much information as tens of thousands of floppy disks, so don't worry about running out of space on your hard disk any time soon. As a rule, you want to store everything you create or download on your hard disk. Use the floppy disks and CDs to send copies of files through the mail, or to make backup copies of important items.

RAM (Random Access Memory )

    There's too much "stuff" on your computer's hard disk to use it all at the same time. During the average session sitting at the computer, you'll probably use only a small amount of all that's available. The stuff you're working with at any given moment is stored in random access memory (often abbreviated RAM, and often called simply "memory"). The advantage using RAM to store whatever you're working on at the moment is that RAM is very fast. Much faster than any disk. For you, "fast" translates to less time waiting and more time being productive.

    So if RAM is so fast, why not put everything in it? Why have a hard disk at all? The answer to that lies in the fact that RAM is volatile. As soon as the computer is shut off, whether intentionally or by an accidental power outage, every thing in RAM disappears, just as quickly as a light bulb goes out when the plug is pulled. So you don't want to rely on RAM to hold everything. A disk, on the other hand, holds its information whether the power is on or off.

Hard Disk

    All of the information that's "in your computer", so to speak, is stored on your computer's hard disk. You never see that actual hard disk because it's sealed inside a special housing and needs to stay that way. Unlike RAM, which is volatile, the hard disk can hold information forever -- with or without electricity. Most modern hard disks have tens of billions of bytes of storage space on them. Which, in English, means that you can create, save, and download files for months or years without using up all the storage space it provides.

    In the unlikely event that you do manage to fill up your hard disk, Windows will start showing a little message on the screen that reads "You are running low on disk space" well in advance of any problems.  In fact, if that message appears, it won't until you're down to about 800 MB of free space. And 800 MB of empty space is equal to about 600 blank floppy disks. That's still plenty of room!

Mouse

    Obviously you know how to use your mouse, since you must have used it to get here. But let's take a look at the facts and buzzwords anyway. Your mouse probably has at least two buttons on it. The button on the left is called the primary mouse button, the button on the right is called the secondary mouse button or just the right mouse button. I'll just refer to them as the left and right mouse buttons. Many mice have a small wheel between the two mouse buttons, as illustrated in Figure 3.

The idea is to rest your hand comfortably on the mouse, with your index finger touching (but not pressing on) the left mouse button. Then, as you move the mouse, the Mouse Pointer (the little arrow on the screen) moves in the same direction. When moving the mouse, try to keep the buttons aimed toward the monitor -- don't "twist" the mouse as that just makes it all the harder to control the position of the mouse pointer.

    If you find yourself reaching too far to get the mouse pointer where you want it to be on the screen, just pick up the mouse, move it to where it's comfortable to hold it, and place it back down on the mouse pad or desk. The buzzwords that describe how you use the mouse are as follows:

1. Point: To point to an item means to move the mouse pointer so that it's touching the item.
2. Click: Point to the item, then tap (press and release) the left mouse button.
3. Double-click: Point to the item, and tap the left mouse button twice in rapid succession - click-click as fast as you can.
4. Right-click: Point to the item, then tap the mouse button on the right.
5. Drag: Point to an item, then hold down the left mouse button as you move the mouse. To drop the item, release the left mouse button.
6. Right-drag: Point to an item, then hold down the right mouse button as you move the mouse. To drop the item, release the right mouse button.

Keyboard

Like the mouse, the keyboard is a means of interacting with your computer. You really only need to use the keyboard when you're typing text. Most of the keys on the keyboard are laid out like the keys on a typewriter. But there are some special keys like Esc (Escape), Ctrl (Control), and Alt (Alternate). There are also some keys across the top of the keyboard labeled F1, F2, F3, and so forth. Those are called the function keys, and the exact role they play depends on which program you happen to be using at the moment.

Most keyboards also have a numeric keypad with the keys laid out like the keys on a typical adding machine. If you're accustomed to using an adding machine, you might want to use the numeric keypad, rather than the numbers across the top of the keyboard, to type numbers. It doesn't really matter which keys you use. The numeric keypad is just there as a convenience to people who are accustomed to adding machines.

Most keyboards also contain a set of navigation keys. You can use the navigation keys to move around around through text on the screen. The navigation keys won't move the mouse pointer. Only the mouse moves the mouse pointer.

On smaller keyboards where space is limited, such as on a notebook computer, the navigation keys and numeric keypad might be one in the same. There will be a Num Lock key on the keypad. When the Num Lock key is "on", the numeric keypad keys type numbers. When the Num Lock key is "off", the navigation keys come into play. The Num Lock key acts as a toggle. Which is to say, when you tap it, it switches to the opposite state. For example, if Num Lock is on, tapping that key turns it off. If Num Lock is off, tapping that key turns Num Lock on.

Combination Keystrokes (Shortcut keys)

Those mysterious Ctrl and Alt keys are often used in combination with other keys to perform some task. We often refer to these combination keystrokes as shortcut keys, because they provide an alternative to using the mouse to select menu options in programs. Shortcut keys are always expressed as:

key1+key2

where the idea is to hold down key1, tap key2, then release key1. For example, to press Ctrl+Esc hold down the Ctrl key (usually with your pinkie), tap the Esc key, then release the Ctrl key. To press Alt+F you hold down the Alt key, tap the letter F, then release the Alt key.

What is Computer?

1.   An Electronic device for storing and Processing data, Typically in binary  
      form, According to Instructions given to it in a variable Program.
2.   A person who makes Calculations, esp. with a Calculating machine

Apple Macintosh Shortcut Keys

Open Apple + Down	Opens The Selected Icon.
Shift + Click	Select the icon and add it to the set of those selected.
Tab	Highlight the next icon inside the folder, in alphabetical order.
Shift + Tab	Highlight the previous icon inside the folder, in alphabetical order.
Left arrow	Used when viewing by icon to select the icon to the left of the one highlighted.
Right arrow	Used when viewing by icon to select icon to the right of the one highlighted.
Up arrow	Used to select the icon above the one currently highlighted.
Down arrow	Used to select the icon below the one currently highlighted.
Open Apple + ?	Mac help
Open Apple + E	Eject
Open Apple + Shift + Up Arrow	Used to direct the input focus to the desktop level.
Open Apple + M	Minimize window
Open Apple + N	New finder window
Open Apple + Shift + N	New folder
Open Apple + W	Close the current window.
Open Apple + C	Copy the elected item to the clipboard.
Open Apple + X	Cut the selected item.
Open Apple + V	Paste item from the clipboard
Open Apple + L	Make alias
Open Apple + R	Show original item
Open Apple + T	Add to favorites
Open Apple + O	Open the selected icon.
Open Apple + F	Display the find dialog box.
Open Apple + G	Repeat the last find operation.
Open Apple + Shift + G	Takes a snapshot of the screen and saves it to a PICT file.

Colour Table HEX & RGB

Name	Hex	RGB
AliceBlue	F0F8FF	240,248,255
AntiqueWhite	FAEBD7	250,235,215
Aqua	00FFFF	0,255,255
Aquamarine	7FFFD4	127,255,212
Azure	F0FFFF	240,255,255
Beige	F5F5DC	245,245,220
Bisque	FFE4C4	255,228,196
Black	000000	0,0,0
Blanched- Almond	FFEBCD	255,235,205
Blue	0000FF	0,0,255
BlueViolet	8A2BE2	138,43,226
Brown	A52A2A	165,42,42
BurlyWood	DEB887	222,184,135
CadetBlue	5F9EA0	95,158,160
Chartreuse	7FFF00	127,255,0
Chocolate	D2691E	210,105,30
Coral	FF7F50	255,127,80
CornflowerBlue	6495ED	100,149,237
Cornsilk	FFF8DC	255,248,220
Crimson	DC143C	237,164,61
Cyan	00FFFF	0,255,255
DarkBlue	00008B	0,0,139
DarkCyan	008B8B	0,139,139
DarkGoldenRod	B8860B	184,134,11
Dark Grey	A9A9A9	169,169,169
DarkGreen	006400	0,100,0
DarkKhaki	BDB76B	189,183,107
DarkMagenta	8B008B	139,0,139
DarkOliveGreen	556B2F	85,107,47
Darkorange	FF8C00	255,140,0
DarkOrchid	9932CC	153,50,204
DarkRed	8B0000	139,0,0
DarkSalmon	E9967A	233,150,122
DarkSeaGreen	8FBC8F	143,188,143
DarkSlateBlue	483D8B	72,61,139
DarkSlateGrey	2F4F4F	47,79,79
DarkTurquoise	00CED1	0,206,209
DarkViolet	9400D3	148,0,211
DeepPink	FF1493	255,20,147
DeepSkyBlue	00BFFF	0,191,255
DimGrey	696969	105,105,105
DodgerBlue	1E90FF	30,144,255
FireBrick	B22222	178,34,34
FloralWhite	FFFAF0	255,250,240
ForestGreen	228B22	34,139,34
Fuchsia	FF00FF	255,0,255
Gainsboro	DCDCDC	220,220,220
GhostWhite	F8F8FF	248,248,255
Gold	FFD700	255,215,0
GoldenRod	DAA520	218,165,32
Grey	808080	128,128,128
Green	008000	0,128,0
GreenYellow	ADFF2F	173,255,47
HoneyDew	F0FFF0	240,255,240
HotPink	FF69B4	255,105,180
IndianRed	CD5C5C	205,92,92
Indigo	4B0082	75,0,130
Ivory	FFFFF0	255,255,240
Khaki	F0E68C	240,230,140
Lavender	E6E6FA	230,230,250
LavenderBlush	FFF0F5	255,240,245
LawnGreen	7CFC00	124,252,0
LemonChiffon	FFFACD	255,250,205
LightBlue	ADD8E6	173,216,230
LightCoral	F08080	240,128,128
LightCyan	E0FFFF	224,255,255
LightGolden- RodYellow	FAFAD2	250,250,210
LightGray	D3D3D3	211,211,211
LightGreen	90EE90	144,238,144
LightPink	FFB6C1	255,182,193
LightSalmon	FFA07A	255,160,122
LightSeaGreen	20B2AA	32,178,170
LightSkyBlue	87CEFA	135,206,250
LightSlateGray	778899	119,136,153
LightSteelBlue	B0C4DE	176,196,222
LightYellow	FFFFE0	255,255,224
Lime	00FF00	0,255,0
LimeGreen	32CD32	50,205,50
Linen	FAF0E6	250,240,230
Magenta	FF00FF	255,0,255
Maroon	800000	128,0,0
MediumAqua- Marine	66CDAA	102,205,170
MediumBlue	0000CD	0,0,205
MediumOrchid	BA55D3	186,85,211
MediumPurple	9370D8	147,112,219
MediumSea- Green	3CB371	60,179,113
MediumSlate- Blue	7B68EE	123,104,238
MediumSpring- Green	00FA9A	0,250,154
Medium- Turquoise	48D1CC	72,209,204
MediumViolet- Red	C71585	199,21,133
MidnightBlue	191970	25,25,112
MintCream	F5FFFA	245,255,250
MistyRose	FFE4E1	255,228,225
Moccasin	FFE4B5	255,228,181
NavajoWhite	FFDEAD	255,222,173
Navy	000080	0,0,128
OldLace	FDF5E6	253,245,230
Olive	808000	128,128,0
OliveDrab	6B8E23	107,142,35
Orange	FFA500	255,165,0
OrangeRed	FF4500	255,69,0
Orchid	DA70D6	218,112,214
PaleGoldenRod	EEE8AA	238,232,170
PaleGreen	98FB98	152,251,152
PaleTurquoise	AFEEEE	175,238,238
PaleVioletRed	D87093	219,112,147
PapayaWhip	FFEFD5	255,239,213
PeachPuff	FFDAB9	255,218,185
Peru	CD853F	205,133,63
Pink	FFC0CB	255,192,203
Plum	DDA0DD	221,160,221
PowderBlue	B0E0E6	176,224,230
Purple	800080	128,0,128
Red	FF0000	255,0,0
RosyBrown	BC8F8F	188,143,143
RoyalBlue	4169E1	65,105,225
SaddleBrown	8B4513	139,69,19
Salmon	FA8072	250,128,114
SandyBrown	F4A460	244,164,96
SeaGreen	2E8B57	46,139,87
SeaShell	FFF5EE	255,245,238
Sienna	A0522D	160,82,45
Silver	C0C0C0	192,192,192
SkyBlue	87CEEB	135,206,235
SlateBlue	6A5ACD	106,90,205
SlateGrey	708090	112,128,144
Snow	FFFAFA	255,250,250
SpringGreen	00FF7F	0,255,127
SteelBlue	4682B4	70,130,180
Tan	D2B48C	210,180,140
Teal	008080	0,128,128
Thistle	D8BFD8	216,191,216
Tomato	FF6347	255,99,71
Turquoise	40E0D0	64,224,208
Violet	EE82EE	238,130,238
Wheat	F5DEB3	245,222,179
White	FFFFFF	255,255,255
WhiteSmoke	F5F5F5	245,245,245
Yellow	FFFF00	255,255,0
YellowGreen	9ACD32	154,205,50

Internet Domain Suffixes

Internet Suffix	Country
.ac	Ascension Island
.ad	Andorra
.ae	United Arab Emirates
.aero	Air Transportation Industry
.af	Afghanistan
.ag	Antigua and Barbuda
.ai	Anguilla
.al	Albania
.am	Armenia
.an	Netherlands Antilles
.ao	Angola
.aq	Antarctica
.ar	Argentina
.arpa	ArpaNet sites
.as	American Samoa
.at	Austria
.au	Australia
.aw	Aruba
.az	Azerbaijan
.ba	Bosnia-Herzegovina
.bb	Barbados
.bd	Bangladesh
.be	Belgium
.bf	Burkina Faso
.bg	Bulgaria
.bh	Bahrain
.bi	Burundi
.biz	United States Business site
.bj	Benin
.bm	Bermuda
.bn	Brunei Darussalam
.bo	Bolivia
.br	Brazil
.bs	Bahamas
.bt	Bhutan
.bv	Bouvet Island
.bw	Botswana
.by	Belarus
.bz	Belize
.ca	Canada
.cc	Cocos (Keeling) Islands
.cd	Congo (Kinshasa)
.cf	Central African Republic
.cg	Congo (Brazzaville)
.ch	Switzerland
.ci	Cote d Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
.ck	Cook Islands
.cl	Chile
.cm	Cameroon
.cn	China
.co	Colombia
.com	United States Commercial web site
.coop	Business coops,organizations
.cr	Costa Rica
.cu	Cuba
.cv	Cape Verde
.cx	Christmas Island
.cy	Cyprus
.cz	Czech Republic
.de	Germany
.dj	Djibouti
.dk	Denmark
.dm	Dominica
.do	Dominican Republic
.dz	Algeria
.ez	Ecuador
.ee	Estonia
.eg	Egypt
.eh	Western Sahara
.er	Eritrea
.es	Spain
.et	Ethiopia
.fi	Finland
.firm	Internet site for business and/or firm
.fj	Fiji
.fk	Falkland Islands (Malvinas)
.fm	Micronesia
.fo	Faroe Islands
.fr	France
.ga	Gabon
.gd	Grenada
.ge	Georgia
.gf	French Guiana
.gg	Guernsey
.gh	Ghana
.gi	Gibraltar
.gl	Greenland
.gm	Gambia
.gn	Guinea
.gp	Guadeloupe
.gq	Equatorial Guinea
.gr	Greece
.gs	South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
.gt	Guatemala
.gu	Guam
.gw	Guinea-Bissau
.gy	Guyana
.hk	Hong Kong
.hm	Heard and McDonald Islands
.hn	Honduras
.hr	Croatia (Hrvatska)
.ht	Haiti
.hu	Hungary
.id	Indonesia
.ie	Ireland
.il	Israel
.im	Isle of Man
.in	India
.info	United States information site
.int	International institute site
.io	British Indian Ocean Territory
.iq	Iraq
.ir	Iran
.is	Iceland
.it	Italy
.je	Jersey
.jm	Jamaica
.jo	Jordan
.jobs	Job related sites
.jp	Japan
.ke	Kenya
.kg	Kyrgyzstan
.kh	Cambodia
.ki	Kiribati
.km	Comoros
.kn	Saint Kitts and Nevis
.kp	North Korea
.kr	South Korea
.kw	Kuwait
.ky	Cayman Islands
.kz	Kazakhstan
.la	Laos
.lb	Lebanon
.lc	Saint Lucia
.li	Liechtenstein
.lk	Sri Lanka
.lr	Liberia
.ls	Lesotho
.lt	Lithuania
.lu	Luxembourg
.lv	Latvia
.ly	Libya
.ma	Morocco
.mc	Monaco
.md	Moldova
.me	Montenegro
.mg	Madagascar
.mh	Marshall Islands
.mil	United States Military site
.mk	Macedonia (Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia)
.ml	Mali
.mm	Myanmar
.mn	Mongolia
.mo	Macau
.mp	Northern Mariana Islands
.mq	Martinique
.mr	Mauritania
MS	Montserrat
.mt	Malta
.mu	Mauritius
.museum	Worldwide museums
.mv	Maldives
.mw	Malawi
.mx	Mexico
.my	Malaysia
.mz	Mozambique
.na	Namibia
.name	Individuals, families
.nato	NATO site
.nc	New Caledonia
.ne	Niger
.net	United States Internet administrative site
.nf	Norfolk Island
.ng	Nigeria
.ni	Nicaragua
.nl	Netherlands
.no	Norway
.nom	Personal site
.np	Nepal
.nr	Nauru
.nu	Niue
.nz	New Zealand
.om	Oman
.org	United States Organization site
.pa	Panama
.pe	Peru
PF	French Polynesia
.pg	Papua New Guinea
.ph	Philippines
.pk	Pakistan
.pl	Poland
.pm	St. Pierre and Miquelon
.pn	Pitcairn Island
.pr	Puerto Rico
.ps	Palestine
.pt	Portugal
.pw	Palau
.py	Paraguay
.qa	Qatar
.re	Reunion Island
.ro	Romania
.rs	Serbia (Republic of Serbia)
.ru	Russian Federation
.rw	Rwanda
.sa	Saudi Arabia
.sb	Solomon Islands
.sc	Seychelles
.sd	Sudan
.se	Sweden
.sg	Singapore
.sh	St. Helena
.si	Slovenia
.sj	Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands
.sk	Slovak Republic
.sl	Sierra Leone
.sm	San Marino
.sn	Senegal
.so	Somalia
.sr	Suriname
.st	Sao Tome and Principe
.store	United States domain for retail business site
.sv	El Salvador
.sy	Syria
.sz	Swaziland
.tc	Turks and Caicos Islands
.td	Chad
.tf	French Southern Territories
.tg	Togo
.th	Thailand
.tj	Tajikistan
.tk	Tokelau
.tm	Turkmenistan
.tn	Tunisia
.to	Tonga
.tp	East Timor
.tr	Turkey
.travel	Travel related sites
.tt	Trinidad and Tobago
.tv	Tuvalu
.tw	Taiwan
.tz	Tanzania
.ua	Ukraine
.ug	Uganda
.uk	United Kingdom
.um	US Minor Outlying Islands
.us	United States
.uy	Uruguay
.uz	Uzbekistan
.va	Vatican City State
.vc	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
.ve	Venezuela
.vg	Virgin Islands (British)
.vi	Virgin Islands (U.S.)
.vn	Vietnam
.vu	Vanuatu
.wf	Wallis and Futuna Islands
.ws	Samoa
.ye	Yemen
.yt	Mayotte
.za	South Africa
.zm	Zambia
.zw	Zimbabwe

Power Point Shortcut Keys

Action	Power Point Shortcut
Bold	Ctrl-B
Close	Ctrl-W
Close	Ctrl-F4
Copy	Ctrl-C
Find	Ctrl-F
Italics	Ctrl-I
Menu bar	F10
New slide	Ctrl-N
Next window	Ctrl-F6
Open	Ctrl-O
Paste	Ctrl-V
Print	Ctrl-P
Repeat Find	Shift-F4
Repeat/Redo	Ctrl-Y
Replace	Ctrl-H
Save	Ctrl-S
Slide Show: Begin	F5
Slide Show: Black screen show/hide	B
Slide Show: End	Esc
Slide Show: Erase annotations	E
Slide Show: Go to next hidden slide	H
Slide Show: Hide pointer and button always	Ctrl-L
Slide Show: Hide pointer and button temporarily	Ctrl-H
Slide Show: Mouse pointer to arrow	Ctrl-A
Slide Show: Mouse pointer to pen	Ctrl-P
Slide Show: Next slide	N
Slide Show: Previous slide	P
Slide Show: Set new timings while rehearsing	T
Slide Show: Stop/restart automatic slide show	S
Slide Show: Use mouse-click to advance (rehearsing)	M
Slide Show: Use original timings	O
Slide Show: White screen show/hide	W
Spelling and Grammar check	F7
Switch to the next presentation window	Ctrl-F6
Switch to the next tab in a dialog box	Ctrl-Tab / Ctrl-Page Down
Switch to the previous presentation window	Ctrl-Shift-F6
Switch to the previous tab in a dialog box	Ctrl-Shift-Tab / Ctrl-Page Up
Turn character formatting on or of	Num /
Underline	Ctrl-U
Undo	Ctrl-Z